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Species of tree

This article is about the common pawpaw of eastern Due north America. For the unrelated tropical papaya fruit oftentimes called 'papaw' or 'pawpaw', come across Carica papaya. For other uses, see Paw Paw (disambiguation).

Asimina triloba
Asimina triloba3.jpg
Asimina triloba in fruit

Conservation status


Least Concern (IUCN 3.ane)[1]


Secure (NatureServe)[2]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Asimina
Species:

A. triloba

Binomial proper name
Asimina triloba

(50.) Dunal
Asimina triloba range map 1.png
Natural range of Asimina triloba

Asimina triloba , the American papaw, pawpaw, paw hand, or paw-hand, among many regional names, is a small-scale deciduous tree native to the eastern United states of america and Canada, producing a large, yellowish-green to chocolate-brown fruit.[3] [four] [5] Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae, and Asimina triloba has the most northern range of all.[six] Well-known tropical fruits of different genera in family Annonaceae include the custard-apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, ylang-ylang, and soursop.

The pawpaw is a patch-forming (clonal) understory tree found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and hilly upland habitat, with large, simple leaves. Pawpaw fruits are the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States[7] [8] (not counting gourds, which are typically considered vegetables rather than fruit for culinary purposes, although in botany they are classified as fruit).[9]

Pawpaw fruits accept a sweet, custard-like season somewhat similar to banana, mango, and pineapple, and are commonly eaten raw, but are also used to brand water ice cream and baked desserts. The bark, leaves, and seeds incorporate the insecticidal neurotoxin annonacin.[ten]

Names [edit]

This plant's scientific name is Asimina triloba. The genus name Asimina is adapted from the Native American (probably Miami-Illinois[11]) proper noun assimin or rassimin [12] through the French colonial asiminier .[xiii] The specific epithet triloba in the species' scientific name refers to the flowers' three-lobed calyces and doubly three-lobed corollas,[12] the shape not dissimilar a tricorne hat.

The mutual name of this species is variously spelled pawpaw, paw manus, paw-manus, and papaw. It probably derives from the Spanish papaya, an American tropical and subtropical fruit (Carica papaya) sometimes also called "papaw",[14] perhaps because of the superficial similarity of their fruits and the fact that both accept very big leaves. The proper name pawpaw or papaw, first recorded in print in English in 1598, originally meant the giant herb Carica papaya or its fruit (every bit it all the same ordinarily does in many English-speaking communities, including Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa). Daniel F. Austin'south Florida Ethnobotany [fifteen] states that:

The original "papaw" ... is Carica papaya. By 1598, English-speaking people in the Caribbean were calling these plants "pawpaws" or "papaws" ... [notwithstanding later, when English language-speakers settled in] the temperate Americas, they found some other tree with a similarly aromatic, sweet fruit. It reminded them of the "papaya", which had already go "papaw", so that is what they called these different plants ... By 1760, the names "papaw" and "pawpaw" were existence practical to A. triloba.

Yet A. triloba has had numerous local common names, many of which compare it to a banana rather than to Carica papaya. These include: wild banana, prairie assistant, Indiana banana, Hoosier assistant, Due west Virginia banana, Kansas banana, Kentucky banana, Michigan banana, Missouri banana, Appalachian assistant, Ozark banana, Indian banana, banango, and the poor man's banana, also equally American custard apple, asimoya,[16] Quaker please, and hillbilly mango.[17]

Due to increased involvement in the foraging and locavore food motility during the late 2010s and the COVID-19 pandemic,[18] the pawpaw has been referred to tongue-in-cheek as the "hipster banana".[19]

Several tribes of Native Americans have terms for the pawpaw such as riwahárikstikuc (Pawnee),[20] tózhaⁿ hu (Kansa),[21] and umbi (Choctaw).[22]

Description [edit]

Pawpaw blossoms as new leaves only begin to emerge.

Pawpaw flowers begin with the female receptive phase at the key tip of the flower (height), then conclude with pollen production by ripened anthers (bottom).

A. triloba is a large shrub or small tree growing to a height of 35 ft (eleven m), rarely equally alpine equally 45 ft (fourteen m), with trunks 8–12 in (20–thirty cm) or more in diameter. The big leaves of pawpaw trees are amassed symmetrically at the ends of the branches, giving a distinctive imbricated appearance to the tree's foliage.[12] [23]

The leaves of the species are simple, alternating and spirally bundled, entire, deciduous, obovate-lanceolate, 10–12 in (25–thirty cm) long, 4–5 in (10–13 cm) broad, and wedge-shaped at the base, with an acute apex and an entire margin, with the midrib and primary veins prominent. The petioles are short and stout, with a prominent adaxial groove. Stipules are lacking. The expanding leaves are conduplicate, greenish, covered with rusty tomentum beneath, and hairy to a higher place; when fully grown they are shine, nighttime green above, and paler beneath. When bruised, the leaves have a disagreeable odor like to a green bell pepper. In fall, the leaves are a rusty yellow, assuasive pawpaw groves to be spotted from a long altitude.[nine] [12] [23]

Pawpaw flowers are perfect, about ane–2 in (3–5 cm) across, rich red-imperial or maroon when mature, with 3 sepals and half dozen petals. They are borne singly on stout, hairy, axillary peduncles. The flowers are produced in early spring at the same fourth dimension equally or slightly before the new leaves appear, and have a faint fetid or yeasty olfactory property.[9] [12] [23] [24]

The fruit of the pawpaw is a large, yellow-green to brown drupe, ii–vi in (5–15 cm) long and 1–3 in (3–8 cm) broad, weighing from 0.7–18 oz (20–510 g), containing several chocolate-brown or black seeds 1⁄2 –1 in (xv–25 mm) in diameter embedded in the soft, edible fruit lurid. The conspicuous fruits brainstorm developing afterwards the plants flower; they are initially green, maturing by September or October to yellow or brown. When mature, the heavy fruits curve the weak branches downwardly.[9] [12] [23]

Other characteristics:

  • Calyx: Sepals three, valvate in bud, ovate, acuminate, pale green, downy[12] [23]
  • Corolla: Petals six, in two rows, imbricate in the bud; inner row acute, erect, nectariferous; outer row broadly ovate, reflexed at maturity; petals at first are greenish, so brown, and finally get dull purple or maroon and conspicuously veiny[12] [23]
  • Stamens: Indefinite, densely packed on the globular receptacle; filaments short; anthers extrorse, two-celled, opening longitudinally[23]
  • Pollen: Shed as permanent tetrads[25]
  • Pistils: Several, on the summit of the receptacle, projecting from the mass of stamens; ovary ane-celled; stigma sessile; ovules many[23]
  • Branchlets: Light brown, tinged with red, marked by shallow grooves[23]
  • Winter buds: Small, of two kinds, the foliage buds pointed and closely appressed to the twigs, and the flower buds round, brown, and fuzzy[12]
  • Bark: Light gray, sometimes blotched with lighter gray spots, sometimes covered with small excrescences, divided past shallow fissures; inner bark tough, fibrous; bark with a very bellicose odor when hobbling[12] [23]
  • Wood: Pale, greenish yellow, sapwood lighter; light, soft, coarse-grained and spongy with a specific gravity of 0.3969 and a density of 24.74 pounds per cubic foot (396.3 kg/m3)[12] [23]
  • Longevity of fruit product: Undetermined[26]

Range and ecology [edit]

Stems of pawpaw at a wild patch in Michigan in early jump.

Pawpaw forms wild patches by growing shallow outward stems.

The pawpaw is native to the Eastern, Southern, and Midwestern United States and adjacent Ontario, Canada, from New York westward to southeastern Nebraska, and southward to northern Florida and eastern Texas.[9] [27] [28]

The tree commonly grows on somewhat elevated slopes inside floodplains and shady, rich bottomlands,[29] where it often forms a dense, clonally spreading undergrowth in the forest, often appearing as a patch or thicket of individual, modest, slender trees. Pawpaws are not the first to colonize a disturbed site, just may get dominant and slow the establishment of oaks and hickories. Pawpaws spread locally primarily past rhizomes; sexual reproduction by seed does besides occur, simply at a adequately depression rate.[30]

The fruits of the pawpaw are eaten by a diversity of mammals, including raccoons, gray foxes, opossums, squirrels, and blackness bears.[30]

The unpleasant smelling leaves, twigs, and bawl of pawpaws contain natural insecticides known as acetogenins.[31] Pawpaw leaves and twigs are seldom consumed by rabbits, deer, or goats,[32] or past many insects.[nine] However, mules have been seen eating pawpaw leaves in Maryland.[33]

Larvae of the zebra swallowtail (Protographium marcellus), a butterfly, feed exclusively on young leaves of A. triloba and various other pawpaw (Asimina) species, but never occur in corking numbers on the plants.[32] Chemicals in the pawpaw leaves confer protection from predation throughout the collywobbles' lives, every bit trace amounts of acetogenins remain present, making them unpalatable to birds and other predators.[34]

Pollination [edit]

Glischrochilus quadrisignatus, "Four-spotted sap beetle," is ane of 2 numerous tiny beetles documented deep inside pawpaw flowers in 2021 in Michigan.[35]

Shut-upward of the same protrude equally above. Pollen grains are visible at the mouth and two near the rear.

The floral odor of Asimina triloba has been described equally "yeasty," which is one of several features that signify a "beetle pollination syndrome."[36] Other floral features of pawpaw indicative of protrude pollination include petals that bend over the downwards-pointing bloom heart, forth with nutrient-rich fleshy bases of the inner curl of petals. A "pollination sleeping room" is thereby created at a depth that only small beetles can access during the initial female-receptive stage of floral bloom. As with other well-studied species of Annonaceae, the filibuster in the shift from female person to male floral stage offers beetles a secure, and peradventure thermogenic, residence in which not only to feed simply too to mate.[37] Receptive stigmas at their arrival, followed by pollen-shedding stamens during pollinator departure is regarded equally an early on grade of mutualism (biology) evolved between plants and insects that is even so dominant in the most ancient lineages of flowering plants, including the Magnoliids (of which Annonaceae is the well-nigh species-rich taxonomic family).[38]

Beetles are the dominant form of pollinator ascribed for genera and species inside Family Annonaceae. Nonetheless, 2 species of genus Asimina (Asimina triloba and Asimina parviflora) bear a floral character that has given rise to an alternative hypothesis that carrion or dung flies are their effective pollinators. That floral characteristic is the dark maroon color of the petals.[39] [twoscore] Hence, while no scholarly papers have documented carrion or dung flies every bit effective pollinators in field observations, the strength of this hypothesis has led to placement of carrion during the bloom time in pawpaw orchards by some horticultural growers.[41]

Professional papers on genus Asimina and its species accept warned of the difficulties in discerning whether insects observed on or collected from flowers are effective pollinators or merely casual and thus opportunistic visitors.[40] [42] [43]

Conservation status [edit]

On a global (range-broad) scale, the common pawpaw (A. triloba) has a NatureServe global conservation rank of G5 (very common), but faces problems in the northernmost parts of its range; in the United States, the species has an N5 (very common), but is considered a threatened species in New York, and an endangered species in New Jersey. In Canada, where the species is plant only in portions of southern Ontario, it has a rank of N3 (vulnerable), and a NatureServe subnational conservation rank of S3 (vulnerable) in Ontario. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has given the species a full general status of "Sensitive", and its populations there are monitored.

In areas in which deer populations are dense, pawpaws appear to exist becoming more abundant locally, since the deer avert them, but consume seedlings of most other woody plants.[33] [44]

History [edit]

The natural seed dispersal of the common pawpaw in North America, prior to the ice ages and lasting until roughly ten,000 years ago, occurred via the dung of certain megafauna (such equally mastodons, mammoths, and giant basis sloths) until they became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event[45] — a parallel example in N America to that of the avocado in South and Key America.[46] [47] After the arrival of humans and the subsequent extinction of megafauna that were distributing A. triloba, the likely distribution of these large fruit-bearing plants has been past humans.[48] [49] [29]

Ethnic peoples value pawpaw non merely for its fruit but also for its bark. The bawl has traditionally been used as a fiber source. Now that the exotic emerald ash borer beetle is destroying blackness ash copse (Fraxinus nigra), a basketmaker of the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians in northern Michigan has begun planting pawpaw seeds on tribal lands several hundred miles north of pawpaw's historically native range.[l]

The primeval documented mention of pawpaws is in the 1541 report of the Spanish de Soto trek, who plant Native Americans east of the Mississippi River cultivating what some have identified equally the pawpaw.[51] The Lewis and Clark Expedition consumed pawpaws during their travels.[51] Thomas Jefferson planted information technology at Monticello, his dwelling in Virginia.[51] Legend has information technology that chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite dessert of George Washington.[52]

Research [edit]

Kentucky State University (KSU) has the only full-time pawpaw research program in the globe; it was started in 1990 with the aim of developing pawpaw every bit a new tree-fruit crop for Kentucky. Pawpaw is the largest native fruit in North America and has very few diseases compared to other orchard crops. KSU is the site of the USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina species and the pawpaw orchards at KSU contain over ane,700 trees. Research activities include germplasm collection and diversity trials, and efforts are directed towards improving propagation, agreement fruit ripening and storage, and developing orchard management practices. Tillage is best in hardiness zones five-nine and trees take 7-eight years from seedling to fruiting. KSU has created the 3 cultivars KSU-'Atwood', KSU-'Benson', and KSU-'Chappell', with foci on meliorate flavors, college yields, vigorous plants, and depression seed-to-pulp ratios.[53] [vii] [54] [55] [56] [57]

Tillage [edit]

A row of pawpaw cultivars in a Michigan orchard.

Cultivation is best in hardiness zones 5-9[7] and trees take 7-8 years from seedling to fruiting. Cross-pollination of at to the lowest degree ii different genetic varieties of the plant is recommended.[ix] Scholarly enquiry is insufficient for horticulturalists to adopt all-time methods for attracting insect pollinators, as constructive pollinators have not still been distinguished from casual insect visitors.[40] [42] [43] Therefore, some growers resort to hand pollination or use pollinator attractants, such as spraying fish emulsion or hanging chicken necks or other meat near the open up flowers to attract pollinators.[ commendation needed ]

While pawpaws are larval hosts for the zebra swallowtail butterfly, these caterpillars are unremarkably present only at depression density, and not detrimental to the leaf of the trees.[32]

Pawpaws have non been cultivated for their fruits on the scale of apples or peaches, primarily because pawpaw fruits ripen to the betoken of fermentation soon subsequently they are picked, and just frozen fruit stores or ships well. Other methods of preservation include dehydration, production of jams or jellies, and pressure canning (using the numerical values for bananas). Methods of separating seeds from the pulp are still in the experimental phase. Mechanical methods are most efficient, but whatsoever splitting or injury of seeds can contaminate the remaining pulp with seed poisons.

Tillage of pawpaws for fruit production has attracted interest, specially among organic growers, as a fruit with few to no pests that can successfully be grown in its native environment without pesticides. The commercial tillage and harvesting of pawpaws is strong in southeastern Ohio[58] and also being explored in Kentucky[ix] and Maryland,[33] likewise equally various areas outside the species' native range, including California,[32] the Pacific Northwest,[32] and Massachusetts.[59] The pawpaw is used for landscaping due to its distinctive growth habit, the entreatment of its fresh fruit, and its relatively low maintenance needs once established.[24]

Propagation [edit]

An indoor A. triloba plant just a few days after the first signs on life became visible from the top soil; it could be 'Mango' or 'Taytwo' variety.

A young, pot-grown A. triloba tree sprouting from the soil, showing the large, heavy seed being lifted by the young stem

Trees are easily grown from seed. It is easiest to just plant an unabridged fruit in the ground or place a seed in the ground immediately upon eating the fruit. Seeds should not exist dried out, every bit they lose viability if they dehydrate to 5% moisture.[sixty] The seeds demand to be stratified by moist cold storage for 60-100 days at 35–45 °F (2–7 °C) (some publications suggest 90-120 days).[sixty] [56] [55] They will lose their viability if stored for 3 years or more than; some seeds survive if stored for two years. Germination is hypogeal and cotyledons remain inside the seed glaze. Strictly speaking, hypogeal means the cotyledons stay in the soil, acting as a food store for the seedling until the plumule emerges from the soil on the epicotyl or truthful stem. Notwithstanding, pawpaw seeds take occasionally been observed to sally from the ground and class the true stem and plumule above ground.

Propagation using cuttings has mostly not been successful.[60] [56]

Desirable cultivars are propagated by bit budding or whip grafting onto a root stock. Pawpaw seeds practise not grow "true to blazon" — each individual seed in a fruit is genetically different from the others and from its parent tree. Purchased cultivars do not produce seeds true to type, either, which is why cultivars are all grafted trees. Root sucker seedlings, however, are all genetically identical to their host.[56] [55]

Commercial nurseries usually transport seedlings in containers, usually grafted cultivars, but other nurseries such every bit the Kentucky Segmentation of Forestry send bareroot seedlings for reforestation projects and area homeowners.[61] [55]

Harvesting seedlings from the woods floor is catchy because most wood-floor seedlings are actually root suckers with few roots, and those seedlings that did grow from a seed have deep taproots.[56] [55]

Blowflies, such as C. vomitoria, are known pollinators of these plants.

Cultivars [edit]

Over the years, many cultivars of A. triloba have been developed or discovered.[62] Many have been lost and are no longer available commercially.[51] [63] [57]

The named varieties producing big fruit and performing well in Kentucky per research trials are 'NC-1', 'Overleese', 'Potomac', 'Shenandoah', 'Sunflower', 'Susquehanna', 'Wabash', KSU-'Atwood', KSU-'Benson', and KSU-'Chappell'.[55]

Habitat restoration [edit]

Pawpaws are sometimes included in ecological restoration plantings, since this tree grows well in moisture soil and has a strong tendency to course well-rooted clonal thickets.

Uses [edit]

A. triloba is ofttimes called wild banana, Indiana banana, or prairie assistant because of its banana-like creamy texture and flavor.

Manus paw, raw with peel
Nutritional value per 100 thousand (3.5 oz)

Carbohydrates

18.8 g
Dietary fiber 2.6 g

Fat

1.2 g

Protein

ane.2 g
Vitamins Quantity

%DV †

Vitamin A equiv.

xi%

87 μg
Thiamine (Bone)

1%

0.01 mg
Riboflavin (Bii)

8%

0.09 mg
Niacin (B3)

7%

1.i mg
Vitamin C

22%

eighteen.3 mg
Minerals Quantity

%DV †

Calcium

6%

63 mg
Iron

54%

7 mg
Magnesium

32%

113 mg
Manganese

124%

2.6 mg
Phosphorus

seven%

47 mg
Potassium

seven%

345 mg
Zinc

ix%

0.9 mg

Analysis from Kentucky State Academy Pawpaw Program
  • Units
  • μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
  • IU = International units
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

Fruits [edit]

As described by horticulturist Barbara Damrosch, the fruit of the pawpaw "looks a bit like mango, but with stake yellow, custardy, spoonable mankind and black, like shooting fish in a barrel-to-remove seeds."[59] Wild-collected pawpaw fruits, ripe in late Baronial to mid-September, take long been a favorite treat throughout the tree'south all-encompassing native range in eastern North America, and on occasion are sold locally at farmers' markets.[nine] [59] Pawpaw fruits accept a sweet, custard-like flavor somewhat similar to banana, mango, and cantaloupe,[9] [12] varying significantly by source or cultivar,[nine] with more protein than about fruits.[9] Nineteenth-century American agronomist E. Lewis Sturtevant described pawpaws as

... a natural custard, too luscious for the relish of most people[33]

Ohio botanist William B. Werthner noted that

The fruit ... has a tangy wild-wood flavour peculiarly its own. It is sugariness, notwithstanding rather cloying to the gustatory modality and a wee chip puckery – only a male child can eat more than one at a time.[12]

Fresh fruits of the pawpaw are unremarkably eaten raw, either chilled or at room temperature. However, they can exist kept but 2–three days at room temperature, or nigh a week if refrigerated.[24] [64] The easily hobbling pawpaw fruits practise not transport well unless frozen.[9] [59] Where pawpaws grow, the fruit pulp is also often used locally in baked dessert recipes, with pawpaw frequently substituted with volumetric equivalency in many assistant-based recipes. Pawpaws may also be composite into ice foam[24] or included in pancakes.[24]

Diet [edit]

According to a report from the KSU Pawpaw Program (right table), raw pawpaw (with peel) is nineteen% carbohydrates, 1% protein, i% fat, and 79% h2o (estimated). In a 100-yard reference corporeality, the raw fruit provides 80 Calories and is a rich source (xx% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (22% DV), magnesium (32% DV), iron (54% DV), and manganese (124% DV). The fruit also contains a moderate amount of vitamin A (11% DV).

Phytochemicals [edit]

Phytochemical extracts of the leaves and fruit contain acetogenins, including the neurotoxin annonacin.[65] The seeds and bark contain the chemical asimitrin[66] and other acetogenins, including asimin, asiminacin and asiminecin.[65] [67]

Event on insects [edit]

Due to the presence of acetogenins, the leaves, twigs, and bark of pawpaw trees tin be used to brand an organic insecticide.[31] The only insect species immune to these insecticidal compounds is the zebra swallowtail butterfly (Protographium marcellus), whose larvae feed on the leaves of various species of Asimina, conferring protection from predation throughout the collywobbles' lives, as trace amounts of acetogenins remain present, making them unpalatable to birds and other predators.[34]

Historical uses [edit]

The tough, gristly inner bark of the pawpaw was used by Native Americans and settlers in the Midwest for making ropes, angling nets, and mats,[12] [33] and for stringing fish.[13]

Pawpaw logs have been used for separate-runway fences in Arkansas.[12]

The hard, brown, shiny lima-edible bean-sized seeds were sometimes carried as pocket pieces in Ohio.[12]

Cultural significance [edit]

Old vocal [edit]

A traditional American folk song portrays wild harvesting of pawpaws; Arty Schronce of the Georgia Section of Agriculture gives these lyrics:[24]

Where, oh where is dear little Nellie?
Where, oh where is dear little Nellie?
Where, oh where is dear little Nellie?
Way down yonder in the pawpaw patch

Pickin' up pawpaws, puttin' 'em in your pocket
Pickin' up pawpaws, puttin' 'em in your pocket
Pickin' up pawpaws, puttin' 'em in your pocket
Way down yonder in the pawpaw patch

He notes that "picking up pawpaws" refers to gathering the ripe, fallen fruit from below the trees, and that the "pocket" in the song is that of an frock or similar tie-on pocket, not a modern pants or bluish-jeans pocket, into which pawpaws would hardly fit.[24] A "pawpaw patch" refers to the plant'south characteristic patch-forming clonal growth habit.

Place names [edit]

The pawpaw is the ground for various identify and school names in the U.s., almost all using the older spelling variant "paw manus".

  • The Paw Manus Tunnel on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in Maryland is a 3118-foot (950-one thousand) canal tunnel completed in 1850 to bypass about five miles of the 6-mile-long Paw Paw Bends of the Potomac River about the boondocks of Hand Paw, W Virginia, all ultimately named after the pawpaw tree.[68]
  • In Michigan, the Paw Manus River is named for the pawpaw copse that grew forth its banks. Paw Hand Lake and Little Paw Paw Lake are both tributaries to the river. The town of Paw Paw, Michigan, is located at the junction of two branches of the Mitt Hand River. The Paw Paw Railroad (1857–1887) operated a 4-mile (half dozen.4-km) rail line between Lawton and Paw Paw, in Van Buren Canton, Michigan.[69]
  • The village of Mitt Paw, Illinois, was named afterward a nearby grove of pawpaw trees.[seventy]
  • The community of Paw Mitt, Indiana, in Miami County, and Hand Hand Township in DeKalb Canton and Paw Paw Township in Wabash County are all named after groves of native pawpaw trees.[71]
  • Paw Paw, Kentucky, a customs in easternmost Kentucky, was named after the native fruit tree.[72]
  • The (now empty) town of Paw Manus, Missouri, was named after the copse.[73]

Art [edit]

Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Audubon)

  • Nineteenth-century naturalist and painter John James Audubon included pawpaw foliage and fruits in the background of his analogy of the xanthous-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) in his classic work, The Birds of America (1827–1838).
  • Pawpaw fruits and a pawpaw leaf are featured in the painting Notwithstanding Life with Pawpaws (circa 1870–1875) by Edward Edmondson, Jr. (1830–1884), at the Dayton Art Institute in Dayton, Ohio.

Other [edit]

  • The third Thursday in September has been designated as National Pawpaw Twenty-four hour period past the National 24-hour interval Calendar.[74] It was announced on September xix, 2019,[75] at Kentucky Country University'southward monthly sustainable agriculture workshop, the Third Thursday Thing.[76]
  • The pawpaw was designated as Ohio's state native fruit in 2009.[77]
  • Since 1999, the Ohio Pawpaw Growers' Clan has sponsored an annual Ohio Pawpaw Festival at Lake Snowden, near Albany, Ohio.[78]
  • Since 2012, Delaware's Alapocas Run Land Park has hosted an annual Pawpaw Folk Festival featuring tastings of the fruit.[79]
  • The larva of the Pawpaw sphinx moth feeds on pawpaw fruit.
  • Since 2019, the pawpaw has been the official state fruit tree of Missouri.[fourscore]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2018). "Asimina triloba". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 208. e.T135958357A135958359. doi:x.2305/IUCN.Britain.2018-2.RLTS.T135958357A135958359.en. S2CID 242070317.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org . Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  3. ^ Kirk West. Pomper (2019). "Pawpaw: Frequently Asked Questions". Kentucky State Academy, Cooperative Extension Program. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  4. ^ "Asimina triloba". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Due north Carolina State University. Archived from the original on 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-12-19 .
  5. ^ Layne DR (1998-02-24). "Pawpaw". NewCrop Factsheet, Purdue University. Archived from the original on 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2018-12-19 .
  6. ^ Huang, Hongwen; Layne, Desmond; Kubisiak, Thomas (July 2000). "RAPD Inheritance and Diversity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)". Journal of the American Club for Horticultural Scientific discipline. 125 (four): 454–459. doi:10.21273/JASHS.125.4.454.
  7. ^ a b c Pomper, Kirk W.; Layne, Desmond R.; Peterson, R. Neal (1999). "The Pawpaw Regional Multifariousness Trial". hort.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-04-14. Retrieved 2019-09-26 .
  8. ^ Elizabeth Matthews (21 September 2021). "Pawpaw: Pocket-size Tree, Big Impact". U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Moore, Andrew (2015). Pawpaw: In Search of America'southward Forgotten Fruit. Chelsea Dark-green Publishing. ISBN978-1603585972.

External links [edit]

washingtoncalwascame87.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina_triloba

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